Introduction Indemnity means a promise to save another harmless from loss caused as a result of a transaction entered into the instance of the promisor. On the other hand, a contract of Guarantee is a contract to perform the promise or discharge the liability of a third person in case of his default. Both terms … Read more
INTRODUCTION Qazf is accusing falsely a virtuous man or woman of adultery. The right of reputation is a sacred right and is well preserved by the Quran which casts a duty on the person against whom a false case of adultery or commission of Zina has been brought to bring to the direct action of … Read more
Introduction An agency is a relationship between two parties in business dealings in which one person acts as a representative to the other. The purpose is to create contractual relations between the other and the third person. An agency can be created to perform any act which the creator of the agency himself could lawfully … Read more
INTRODUCTION The offences regarding drinking are covered in Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order, 1979. Drinking is the taking of any kind of intoxicant. Normally, drinking results in unconsciousness so it is prohibited in Islam. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Articles 6 to 13 of the Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) order, 1979 Cross Reference. Article 203C of the … Read more
Introduction Bailment is such a relationship between two parties in which the personal property of one party goes into the possession of another party temporarily. A few examples of bailment include delivering a car, mobile, watch, or other valuable items to some friends. Delivering gold to a goldsmith for making ornaments, and delivering garments to … Read more
Introduction Unpaid Sellers are dealt with in Chapter V of the Sale of Goods Act 1930. In a contract of sale, the seller is always under an obligation to deliver the goods and the buyer has to pay for it. If the buyer does not pay for it, the seller will be known as an … Read more
Introduction All the transactions relating to a business taking place between buyers and sellers are governed by the Sale of Goods Act 1930. It was initially a part of the Contract Act of 1872. But was later repealed and transformed into a separate law that governed contracts of sale. Section 4 of the Sale of … Read more
Introduction Conditions and warranties are some of the most important terms that are used during the sale of goods. A contract is concerned with the quality and price of goods, the mode in which payment will be made, the delivery of goods, the time of performance, and the place where the goods are to be … Read more
INTRODUCTION The British Constitutional system is the oldest democratic system in the modern world. Great Britain is a Mother of Democracy. The British Constitution is constantly growing, continually developing, and changing from time to time. DEFINITION OF CONSTITUTION According to Colin’s Law Dictionary: The Constitution of a country or organization is the system of laws … Read more
INTRODUCTION The British Constitution contains legal and non-legal sources such as conventions and juristic writings. There is no single constituent document; many constitutional sources are of a written nature. To give meaning to the Constitution, it is necessary to study many fundamental documents, statutes and cares together with the non-legal conventional rules surrounding and giving … Read more
INTRODUCTION The British King’s royal prerogatives included appointing the prime minister, granting pardons, and representing the nation diplomatically. In a parliamentary state, the executive consists of three parts, the Queen/Crown, the Cabinet and the civil service. The Queen/Crown is the formal or nominal executive. The Cabinet is the real executive. The Crown and the Cabinet … Read more
INTRODUCTION The parliament of England is the mother of all other parliaments. The King/Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons constitute parliament. Parliamentary sovereignty means the supremacy of parliament, i.e. parliament can pass, amend or repeal laws to any extent, and there are no fundamental laws with which Parliament cannot interfere. DEFINITION … Read more
INTRODUCTION The doctrine of separation of powers was adopted by the Convention of 1787. It was assumed not to promote efficiency but to preclude his exercise of arbitrary power. The purpose was not to avoid friction but to save the people from autocracy. MEANINGS OF SEPARATION OF POWER According to Black’s Law Dictionary: Separation of … Read more
INTRODUCTION The British Government is a highly centralized system of Government. It is based on one of the most important conventions of ministerial Responsibility before parliament for all policy decisions and actions a minister takes individually or by the Cabinet. MEANING OF MINISTERIAL RESPONSIBILITY Ministerial Responsibility implies two meanings. They are as follows; The minister … Read more
INTRODUCTION The Holy Quran is the primary source of law along with Hadith. Hadith is considered next to the Quran as a source of direction. The Holy Quran is the book consisting of those direct revelations which were made to the Holy Prophet (PBUH). The Quran does not contain law in a codified form but … Read more
INTRODUCTION The imperative theory is a perspective in ethics that suggests moral principles are derived from authoritative commands or imperatives. It argues that ethical obligations are based on the authority of a ruler or a divine power rather than on intrinsic moral properties or consequences. MEANING OF JURISPRUDENCE Jurisprudence is the name given to … Read more
INTRODUCTION The “Rule of Law” doctrine was introduced in the British Constitution to prevent the coercive powers of the state to press individuals. The “Rule of Law”, which forms a fundamental principle of the English Constitution, is one of the unique characteristics of the British Constitution. DEFINITION OF RULE OF LAW According to Aristotle: He … Read more
INTRODUCTION Sunnah is the practice of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Allah has given legislative powers to the Holy Prophet (PBUH), where, on a given matter, the Holy Quran is silent, and then the teachings and examples of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) provide us guidance. It is the second primary source of Islamic law and plays … Read more
INTRODUCTION Administration of Justice is the permanent necessity of society and the primary function of the State. It is the civilized substitute for private vengeance and retribution. If any state cannot perform these two functions, it cannot be called a state. Administration of Justice is the maintenance of rights within a political community using the … Read more
INTRODUCTION Summary and precis writing are essential skills that are commonly tested in exams. These skills involve condensing lengthy passages or articles into concise, coherent, and objective summaries while retaining the necessary information. This article aims to provide a detailed understanding of summary and precis writing and practical techniques to prepare for exams. What … Read more
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